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3 Jun 2026International Relations3 questions

Venezuela's Acting President Rodriguez Visits India to Deepen Bilateral Ties

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Article summary

Venezuela's Acting President Delcy Rodriguez arrived in India on June 3, 2026, for a working visit focused on deepening bilateral ties, with scheduled meetings with Prime Minister Narendra Modi and External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar. Venezuela, holding the world's largest proven crude oil reserves, has historically been a significant supplier of heavy crude to Indian refineries, particularly ONGC Videsh and Reliance Industries. The visit comes amid Venezuela's complex geopolitical positioning — under US sanctions since 2019 — and India's consistent policy of engaging resource-rich nations independent of Western pressure, reflecting its strategic autonomy doctrine. India-Venezuela relations span energy cooperation, pharmaceuticals, and food exports, with India being one of Venezuela's few stable trading partners during its economic crisis. For UPSC, this visit underscores India's multi-alignment foreign policy, its energy security imperatives, and its engagement with Latin America as part of a broader Global South outreach strategy.

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recallTests whether you read the article and retained key facts.
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applicationTests whether you can apply the concept to a new scenario.
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analysisTests whether you can reason across multiple related facts.
1Q

Sample questions — answers revealed after test

International RelationsRecallEasy

Q1. Which of the following correctly describes Venezuela's standing in global crude oil reserves, and which Indian public sector entity holds equity stakes in Venezuelan oil fields?

AVenezuela holds the world's largest proven crude oil reserves, and ONGC Videsh Ltd (OVL) holds equity stakes in Venezuelan oil fields.
BVenezuela holds the world's second-largest proven crude oil reserves, and Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) holds equity stakes in Venezuelan oil fields.
CVenezuela holds the world's largest proven crude oil reserves, and Oil India Limited (OIL) holds equity stakes in Venezuelan oil fields.
DVenezuela holds the world's largest proven crude oil reserves, and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) holds equity stakes in Venezuelan oil fields.
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International RelationsApplicationMedium

Q2. India chose to host Venezuela's Acting President at the highest diplomatic level — meetings with the Prime Minister and the External Affairs Minister — despite active US sanctions on the Maduro government. Which of the following best explains the foreign policy doctrine this decision exemplifies, and which historical precedent most directly supports it?

AIt exemplifies 'strategic autonomy', consistent with India's approach to Russia after the 2022 Ukraine invasion, where India continued energy imports and refused to join Western-led sanctions regimes.
BIt exemplifies 'values-based foreign policy', consistent with India's approach to Myanmar after the 2021 military coup, where India suspended high-level engagement to signal disapproval of democratic backsliding.
CIt exemplifies 'issue-based alignment', consistent with India's approach to Iran under the JCPOA, where India reduced oil imports in full compliance with US secondary sanctions to preserve strategic partnership with Washington.
DIt exemplifies 'strategic autonomy', consistent with India joining the US-led Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) while simultaneously expanding trade with China, its largest trading partner.
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International RelationsAnalysisHard

Q3. Consider the following statements regarding India's engagement with Venezuela and its broader foreign policy implications: 1. India's decision to maintain high-level ties with the Maduro government is consistent with its Nehruvian principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states. 2. Venezuela's contested domestic legitimacy post-2018 is structurally similar to India's engagement with Myanmar post-2021, in that India applied identical diplomatic protocols to both governments. 3. India's energy import dependence — over 85% of crude requirements met through imports — makes upstream equity access through ONGC Videsh in Venezuela a strategic imperative rather than a commercial preference. 4. India's engagement with Venezuela directly contradicts its stated commitment to democratic governance under the Community of Democracies framework, of which India is a founding member. Which of the statements given above are correct?

A1 and 3 only
B1, 3 and 4 only
C2 and 3 only
D1, 2 and 3 only
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