Bio-toilets Indian Railways

Bio-toilets used in Indian Railways employ bacterial inoculum (not fungal inoculum) to decompose human waste through anaerobic and aerobic decomposition. Statement 1 is incorrect because the process is initiated by bacteria, primarily Methanobrevibacter and other anaerobic bacteria, not fungi. Statement 2 is also incorrect because the end products of bio-toilet decomposition include not just ammonia and water vapour but also methane gas, carbon dioxide, and other compounds. The decomposition process is complex and produces multiple gaseous end products, not just ammonia and water vapour. > KEY: Bio-toilets use BACTERIAL inoculum, not fungal. Multiple end products including CH₄, CO₂, NH₃, and H₂O. Answer: (d).