Indian Federalism and Constitutional Features

The features of Indian federalism include: (a) An independent judiciary—correct feature, essential for federalism. (b) Clear division of powers between Centre and States—correct feature, a key federal characteristic. (c) Unequal representation in Rajya Sabha—correct feature, states like UP, Maharashtra get more seats than smaller states. However, (d) Indian federalism is NOT the result of an agreement among federating units. Instead, it is a constitutional arrangement imposed by the Constitution of India, drafted by the Constituent Assembly. India adopted federalism by constitutional design, not through a compact or agreement between states. This is different from federations like the USA (which resulted from union of states) or Switzerland (formed by cantonal agreement). > Indian Federalism: Constitutional Design, NOT Inter-state Agreement. Answer: d.