Land Reforms Independent India

Statement (a) is correct: Land ceiling laws in independent India were primarily aimed at family holdings rather than individual holdings, meaning the limit applied to the total land a family could hold. (b) is incorrect because while land reforms aimed to benefit landless laborers, the major objective was not exclusively to provide land to all landless people but to control concentration of land ownership. (c) is incorrect as land reforms did not result in cash crops becoming predominant; subsistence agriculture remained dominant. (d) is incorrect because ceiling laws allowed several exemptions for cooperative farming, religious institutions, and other purposes. > Remember: Family-based ceiling was the key feature to redistribute excess holdings. Answer: a.