Defense Adaptations of Wild Animals

Hedgehogs (Statement 1) possess strong dorsal muscles that allow them to curl tightly into a ball, exposing sharp spines outwards to ward off threats. Pangolins (Statement 3) use a similar curling mechanism, relying on overlapping keratin scales to protect their soft underbelly. Marmots (Statement 2) are large ground squirrels that flee into burrows or utilize alarm whistles rather than rolling up when threatened. > Structural physical rolling forms a primary anti-predator protection mechanism for hedgehogs and pangolins. Answer: (d).