CBD, CITES, Ramsar, Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm, Minamata
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UPSC tests convention names, years of adoption, key provisions, and India's participation status in straightforward MCQs. Examiners commonly ask which convention covers which environmental issue, India's compliance status, and recent protocol amendments. Avoid confusing Basel (hazardous waste) with Rotterdam (chemical trade) or Stockholm (POPs) — these are frequently mixed up.
CBD: Biodiversity at Rio 1992, three pillars
CITES: Wildlife trade, endangered species protection
Ramsar: Wetlands conservation, Ramsar sites in India
Basel: Hazardous waste transboundary movement control
Rotterdam: Prior informed consent for chemical exports
Stockholm: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) elimination
Minamata: Mercury pollution and health protection