Pollution types, sources, standards; National Clean Air Programme
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UPSC Prelims consistently tests definitional knowledge of pollution types (point, non-point, transboundary) and regulatory standards (NAAQS, CPCB classifications). National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) has featured 3+ times in recent years with focus on target-setting, implementation timeline, and participating cities. Examiners test source identification and standards compliance; avoid confusing NAAQS levels or NCAP city count.
Point vs non-point: Fixed location vs dispersed sources
NAAQS: Four standards—Residential, Industrial, Sensitive, Ecologically Sensitive
NCAP 2019: 102 cities, 2024 target for 35% reduction
Primary vs secondary pollutants: Direct vs atmospheric formation
Transboundary pollution: Cross-border air/water movement