EIA process; NGT — structure, jurisdiction, landmark orders
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EIA process questions focus on mandatory screening categories and exemptions; NGT appears frequently as a landmark institutional reform with jurisdiction over environmental disputes. Examiners test specific NGT bench structure, appellate hierarchy, and 2-3 landmark orders annually. Common mistake: confusing NGT jurisdiction with regular courts or conflating EIA-2016 with EIA-2006 procedural changes.
EIA-2016: Category A (25 km + 10,000 ha) vs Category B thresholds
NGT: quasi-judicial, non-adversarial, Principal + Judicial + Expert benches
NGT appeal to Supreme Court only; no High Court jurisdiction
Landmark orders: Vedanta Zinc (MP), Stern Review (climate), Indore waste
EIA exemption list updated; coal-fired thermal stations mandatory EIA