Tectonic features — fold mountains, rifts, volcanoes
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UPSC Prelims tests this through map-based identification, regional examples (Himalayas, Western Ghats, Mid-Ocean Ridges), and cause-effect relationships between plate tectonics and landform creation. Examiners focus on distinguishing fold mountains from block mountains, understanding rift valley formation, and linking volcano types to plate boundaries. Common errors: confusing convergent and divergent boundaries, misidentifying shield vs. stratovolcanoes, and overlooking intraplate volcanism.
Fold mountains: convergent boundaries, compressional stress, Himalayas model
Rifts: divergent boundaries, tensional stress, East African Rift example
Volcanoes: constructive margins, destructive margins, hotspot volcanism
Synclines down, anticlines up — remember the folds
Rift valleys: graben between parallel faults, subsidence pattern