GS I›H-1.3.2›Buddhism: councils, doctrines, sects

Buddhism: councils, doctrines, sects

H-1.3.2Core
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Exam Strategy

UPSC repeatedly tests the Four Buddhist Councils (especially their locations, patrons, and outcomes), the Theravada vs Mahayana doctrinal split, and the emergence of major sects. Examiners focus on chronology, council decisions (e.g., canon codification, schisms), and sect characteristics. Common pitfall: confusing council locations or mixing up which sect rejected what doctrine.

High-yield hooks
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Four councils: Rajagriha, Vaishali, Pataliputra, Kashmir

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First Council: oral canon standardization under Ashoka's patronage myth

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Second Council: schism seeds—Theravada vs Mahayana split

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Theravada: original teachings, Hinayana, individual enlightenment

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Mahayana: bodhisattva ideal, multiple buddhas, popular salvation

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