Founding & early INC
H-3.3.1Core
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Exam Strategy
UPSC repeatedly tests founding year (1885), founders (A.O. Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji), and the Moderate vs Extremist split (1905-1920). Examiners focus on ideological differences, key personalities, and resolutions passed. Common error: conflating Moderates' petition-based approach with Extremists' Swadeshi activism; another is misplacing the Surat Split date.
High-yield hooks
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1885: INC founded by A.O. Hume in Bombay
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Dadabhai Naoroji: first Indian president, 'Grand Old Man'
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Moderates: petition, constitutional reform, British goodwill
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Extremists: Swadeshi, Boycott, Self-reliance post-1905
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Surat Split (1907): Moderates vs Tilak-Lala-Pal faction
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SCANHISTORY/INDEPENDENCE-MOVEMENTPOLITY/INSTITUTIONAL-EVOLUTIONHISTORY/SOCIAL-REFORM