Simon Commission, Round Table Conferences, Communal Award
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UPSC Prelims heavily tests dates, composition, and outcomes of these three institutional mechanisms (1927–1932). Most questions focus on: why Simon Commission was boycotted, what RTC achieved constitutionally, and how Communal Award deepened Hindu-Muslim divide. Common mistake: confusing the three RTC sessions or misremembering who headed Simon Commission.
Simon Commission 1927: All-British, no Indians—instant boycott trigger
Round Table Conferences 1930–32: Three attempts at constitutional negotiation
Communal Award 1932: Ambedkar vs Gandhi—separate electorates for minorities
RTC Platform: Gandhi-Irwin Pact enabled Congress participation in 1931
Award's Poona Pact: Gandhi's fast forced Hindu-Muslim reconciliation clause