Right to Equality (14–18)

UPSC Prelims frequently tests the distinction between Articles 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 through specific case scenarios and statutory provisions. Examiners focus on scope of equality before law vs. equal protection, grounds of discrimination, and constitutional exceptions. Common errors: confusing Article 15 with Article 16, misremembering exceptions to equality, and overlooking state action doctrine.