Rights against exploitation; religion; cultural-educational; constitutional remedies (23–32)
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Post-2026, UPSC is tilting toward application items: given a scenario, identify the writ or the freedom. Memorise the Art 21 expansion judgments and the 32-vs-226 distinction cold. Writ jurisdiction is the single most-tested sub-node in all of Fundamental Rights.
Art 32 is 'heart and soul of the Constitution' (Ambedkar) — but HC jurisdiction under Art 226 is WIDER (covers FRs AND other legal rights, not just FRs)
Five writs: habeas corpus (produce the body), mandamus (command to perform duty), prohibition (stop lower court from exceeding jurisdiction), certiorari (quash order), quo warranto (question authority to hold office)
Art 21 expansion: right to privacy (Puttaswamy 2017), right to clean environment, right to livelihood, right to health — all read into 'life and personal liberty'