Graphene, carbon nanotubes, semiconductors; nano-applications
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UPSC Prelims tests structural properties and real-world applications of nanomaterials rather than synthesis mechanisms. Questions focus on why graphene/CNTs are superior to conventional materials, semiconductor doping concepts, and India's nanotechnology initiatives. Common error: confusing graphene properties with other allotropes or misidentifying which material suits which application.
Graphene: single layer of carbon, exceptional strength & conductivity
Carbon nanotubes: rolled graphene, thermal & electrical superconductors
Semiconductors: controlled conductivity via doping (n-type, p-type)
Nano-scale = enhanced surface area, novel quantum effects
Applications: electronics, energy storage, medical diagnostics, water purification