International Environmental Protocols

Pair 1 is incorrect: Annex-I Countries are defined under the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and the Kyoto Protocol, not the Cartagena Protocol. Annex-I Countries refer to developed nations required to reduce emissions. The Cartagena Protocol is about biosafety and protection of biodiversity. Pair 2 is incorrect: Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs) originate from the Kyoto Protocol, specifically from the Clean Development Mechanism, not from the Nagoya Protocol. The Nagoya Protocol deals with access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources. Pair 3 is correct: The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is indeed a mechanism established under the Kyoto Protocol that allows developed nations to invest in emissions reduction projects in developing countries and earn credits. > Key point: Remember—CDM and CERs both relate to Kyoto Protocol climate mechanisms; Cartagena is biosafety; Nagoya is genetic resources. Answer: (c).