Basic Structure and Judicial Review

The 'Basic Structure' doctrine is a judicial innovation formulated in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) and is nowhere defined in the Constitution (Statement 1 is incorrect). While the Constitution empowers courts (e.g., Article 13, 32, 226), the exact phrase 'judicial review' is neither defined nor explicitly mentioned as a standalone provision in the manner stated; UPSC interpreted this strict textual absence to mark Statement 2 as incorrect. > One-line conceptual takeaway: Many core democratic safeguards in India evolved through judicial interpretation rather than explicit constitutional definitions. Answer: (d).