Ancient Indian Cultural Terminology

A 'Parivrajaka' literally translates to one who wanders, denoting a wandering ascetic or renunciant (Pair 1 is correct). The 'Shramana' tradition refers to ascetic, non-Vedic movements (like Buddhism, Jainism, Ajivikas) representing those who strive or seek truth outside the established orthodox priestly hierarchy. They were explicitly opposed to the high-status Vedic priests (Brahmanas) (Pair 2 is incorrect). An 'Upasaka' (male) or 'Upasika' (female) refers to a lay follower of Buddhism who does not enter the monastic order (Pair 3 is correct). > One-line conceptual takeaway: Shramanas were heterodox ascetics fundamentally distinct from the orthodox, ritualistic Vedic priests. Answer: (b).