Aviation Flight Recorders (Black Boxes)

Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Flight recorders aggregate data across the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) and the Flight Data Recorder (FDR) to capture both radio communications and instrument performance metrics. Their internal memory modules are protected inside crash-survivable enclosures constructed from thick titanium or stainless steel to withstand extreme impact and thermal stress. Statement 1 is incorrect because the Underwater Locator Beacon (ULB) transmits automated ultrasonic acoustic pings (sound pulses) through water rather than emitting red light pulses, which do not travel effectively through deep water.