Science, Technology & Innovation

Science and Technology — developments and their applications and effects in everyday life; achievements of Indians in science and technology; indigenisation of technology and developing new technology.— UPSC Mains Syllabus

Applied science for governance: space technology (ISRO, NavIC), biotechnology (vaccines, genome sequencing), IT and digital infrastructure (5G, AI policy, semiconductors), and defence technology (DRDO, indigenisation). UPSC rewards understanding of how technology serves governance — not specification memorisation.